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Review
Dementia and Neurocognitive Disorders 2020: 19: 1: 1-18

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Alzheimer's Disease Diagnosis Using Misfolding Proteins in Blood
HeeYang Lee , 1,2,3 Daniella Ugay , 1,2,3,4 Seungpyo Hong , 2,5,6 YoungSoo Kim 1
Integrated Science Engineering Division, Yonsei University, Incheon, Korea 2 Department of Pharmacy, Yonsei University, Incheon, Korea 3 Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Yonsei University, Incheon, Korea 4 Underwood Division, Yonsei University, Incheon, Korea 5 Yonsei Frontier Lab, Yonsei University, Incheon, Korea 6 Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy and Carbone Cancer Center, School of Medicine & Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
Alzheimer's Disease Diagnosis Using Misfolding Proteins in Blood
HeeYang Lee , 1,2,3 Daniella Ugay , 1,2,3,4 Seungpyo Hong , 2,5,6 YoungSoo Kim 1
Integrated Science Engineering Division, Yonsei University, Incheon, Korea 2 Department of Pharmacy, Yonsei University, Incheon, Korea 3 Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Yonsei University, Incheon, Korea 4 Underwood Division, Yonsei University, Incheon, Korea 5 Yonsei Frontier Lab, Yonsei University, Incheon, Korea 6 Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy and Carbone Cancer Center, School of Medicine & Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is pathologically characterized by a long progressive phase of
neuronal changes, including accumulation of extracellular amyloid-β (Aβ) and intracellular
neurofibrillary tangles, before the onset of observable symptoms. Many efforts have
been made to develop a blood-based diagnostic method for AD by incorporating Aβ and
tau as plasma biomarkers. As blood tests have the advantages of being highly accessible
and low cost, clinical implementation of AD blood tests would provide preventative
screening to presymptomatic individuals, facilitating early identification of AD patients
and, thus, treatment development in clinical research. However, the low concentration
of AD biomarkers in the plasma has posed difficulties for accurate detection, hindering
the development of a reliable blood test. In this review, we introduce three AD blood test
technologies emerging in South Korea, which have distinctive methods of heightening
detection sensitivity of specific plasma biomarkers. We discuss in detail the multimer
detection system, the self-standard analysis of Aβ biomarkers quantified by interdigitated
microelectrodes, and a biomarker ratio analysis comprising Aβ and tau.
Key Words: Alzheimer's Disease; Amyloid-beta Peptides; Biomarkers; Diagnostic Techniques and Procedures; Plasma; tau Proteins